Within Ottoman Syria, the Golan was part of the Syria Vilayet. In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. By the late-19th century, the Golan Heights was inhabited mostly by colonized peasants ( fellaḥîn), Bedouin Arabs, Druze, Turkmen, and Circassians. The Itureans, an Arab or Aramaic people, settled in the area in the 2nd century BCE and remained until the end of the Byzantine period. Throughout the Biblical period, the Golan was "the focus of a power struggle between the kings of Israel and the Aramaeans who were based near modern-day Damascus." After Assyrian and Babylonian rule, the region came under the domination of Persia, following which Jews were freed from Babylonian captivity and allowed to return and resettle in the land. According to the Bible, an Amorite kingdom in Bashan was conquered by the Israelites during the reign of King Og. The earliest evidence of human habitation on the Golan dates to the Upper Paleolithic period. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights and the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon.
As a geopolitical region, the Golan Heights refers to the border region captured from Syria by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967 the territory has been occupied by the latter since then and was subject to a de facto Israeli annexation in 1981. The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between disciplines: as a geological and biogeographical region, the Golan Heights refers to a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east.
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